Judo (柔道 jūdō, meaning "gentle way")
is a modern martial art, combat sport and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano. Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the object is to either throw or takedown one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue one's opponent with a grappling maneuver, or force an opponent to submit by joint locking or by executing a strangle hold or choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defences are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori).The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū (古流, traditional schools). The worldwide spread of judo has led to the development of a number of offshoots such as Sambo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Judo practitioners are called judoka.
[edit] History and philosophy
[edit] Early life of the founder
Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, Japanese calligraphy (書道 shodō) and the Four Confucian Texts (四書 Shisho) under a number of tutors.[4] When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The culture of bullying endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jujutsu (柔術 Jūjutsu) dojo (道場 dōjō, training place) at which to train.[4]
Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly westernised Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him kata, but not to teach him. The caretaker of his father's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor to Kanō's father's house, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū (扱心流) school of jujutsu, also refused.[5] Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.
In 1877, as a student at the Tokyo-Kaisei school (soon to become part of the newly-founded Tokyo Imperial University), Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in (整骨院, traditional osteopathy practices).[6] After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c.1828–1880),[7] a teacher of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū (天神真楊流) of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat dojo where he taught five students.[8] Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori (乱取り randori, free practice) in Judo.
On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata (形 kata, pre-arranged forms), was given the densho (伝書, scrolls) of the Fukuda dojo.[9] Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo (c.1820–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of kata, and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.[10] Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dojo of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of Kitō-ryū (起倒流).[11] Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori, with Kitō-ryū having a greater focus on nage-waza (投げ技, throwing techniques).
[edit] Founding of the Kodokan
The Eisho-ji dojo was a relatively small affair, consisting of a twelve mat training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being Tsunejiro Tomita and Shiro Saigo.[13] In August, the following year, the pair were granted shodan (初段, first rank) grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.[14]
[edit] Judo versus Jujutsu
| “ | In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever the relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of ju yoku go o seisu.[15] | ” |
Kano realised that seiryoku zen'yō, initially conceived as a Jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced jita kyōei, the wider application shaped the development of Judo from a martial art (武術 bujutsu) to a martial way (武道 budō). Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of Jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.[16] He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of Jujutsu:
| “ | At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu.[17] | ” |
Kano believed that "Jūjutsu" was insufficient to describe his art: although Jutsu (術) means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to dō (道), meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than jutsu and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of tao. Thus Kano renamed it Judo (柔道 Jūdō).[18]
[edit] Judo waza (techniques)
See also: Judo techniques and List of Kodokan Judo techniques
There are three basic categories of waza (技, techniques) in Judo: nage-waza (投げ技, throwing techniques), katame-waza (固技, grappling techniques) and atemi-waza (当て身技, striking techniques).[19] Judo is most known for nage-waza and katame-waza.[20]Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to ukemi (受け身, break-falls), in order that nage-waza can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of ukemi exist, including ushiro ukemi (後ろ受身, rear breakfalls); yoko ukemi (横受け身, side breakfalls); mae ukemi (前受け身, front breakfalls); and zenpo kaiten ukemi (前方回転受身, rolling breakfalls)
The person who performs a waza is known as tori (取り, literally "taker") and the person to whom it is performed is known as uke (受け, literally "receiver").
[edit] Nage waza (throwing techniques)
Nage waza include all techniques in which tori attempts to throw or trip uke, usually with the aim of placing uke on his back. Each technique has three distinct stages:- Kuzushi (崩し), the initial balance break;[21]
- Tsukuri (作り), the act of turning in and fitting into the throw;[22]
- Kake (掛け), the execution and completion of the throw.[22]
Traditionally, nage waza are further categorised into tachi-waza (立ち技, standing techniques), throws that are performed with tori maintaining an upright position, and sutemi-waza (捨身技, sacrifice techniques), throws in which tori sacrifices his upright position in order to throw uke.[24]
Tachi-waza are further subdivided into te-waza (手技, hand techniques), in which tori predominantly uses his arms to throw uke; koshi-waza (腰技, hip techniques) throws that predominantly use a lifting motion from the hips; and ashi-waza (足技, foot and leg techniques), throws in which tori predominantly utilises his legs.[24]
| Nage-waza (投げ技) throwing techniques | Tachi-waza (立ち技) standing techniques | Te-waza (手技) hand techniques |
| Koshi-waza (腰技) hip techniques | ||
| Ashi-waza (足技) foot and leg techniques | ||
| Sutemi-waza (捨身技) sacrifice techniques | Ma-sutemi-waza (真捨身技) rear sacrifice techniques | |
| Yoko-sutemi-waza (橫捨身技) side sacrifice techniques |
[edit] Katame-waza (grappling techniques)
Katame-waza is further categorised into osaekomi-waza (押込技, holding techniques), in which tori traps and pins uke on his back on the floor; shime-waza (絞技, strangulation techniques), in which tori attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling uke; and kansetsu-waza (関節技, joint techniques), in which tori attempts to submit uke by painful manipulation of his joints.A related concept is that of ne-waza (寝技, prone techniques), in which waza are applied from a non-standing position.
Kansetsu-waza is currently limited, outside of kata, to elbow joint manipulation.
| Katame-waza (固技) grappling techniques | Osaekomi-waza (押込技) holding or pinning techniques | |
| Shime-waza (絞技) strangulation techniques | ||
| Kansetsu-waza (関節技) Joint techniques (locks) | ||
[edit] Atemi-waza (striking techniques)
Atemi-waza are techniques in which tori disables uke with a strike to a vital point. Atemi-waza are not permitted outside of kata.[25][edit] Pedagogy
[edit] Randori (free practice)
Judo pedagogy emphasizes randori (乱取り, literally "taking chaos", but meaning "free practice"). This term covers a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies depending on intent and the level of expertise of the participants. At one extreme, is a compliant style of randori, known as Yakusoku geiko (約束稽古, prearranged practice), in which neither participant offers resistance to their partner's attempts to throw. A related concept is that of Sute geiko (捨稽古, throw-away practice), in which an experienced judoka allows himself to be thrown by his less-experienced partner.[26] At the opposite extreme from yakusoku geiko is the hard style of randori that seeks to emulate the style of Judo seen in competition. While hard randori is the cornerstone of Judo, over-emphasis of the competitive aspect is seen as undesirable by traditionalists if the intent of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn.[27]Randori is usually limited to either tachi waza (standing techniques) or ne waza (ground work) and, when one partner is thrown in tachi waza randori, practice is resumed with both partners on their feet.
[edit] Kata (forms)
See also: Kata
Kata (形 kata, Forms) are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the exception of the Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku, they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today:[28]
- Randori-no-kata (乱取りの形, Free practice forms), comprising two kata:
- Nage-no-kata (投の形, Forms of throwing) Fifteen throws, practiced both left- and right-handed, three each from the five categories of nage waza: te waza, koshi waza, ashi waza, ma sutemi waza and yoko sutemi waza.[29]
- Katame-no-kata (固の形, Forms of grappling or holding). Fifteen techniques in three sets of five, illustrating the three categories of katame waza: osaekomi waza, shime waza and kansetsu waza.[30]
- Kime-no-kata (極の形, Forms of decisiveness). Twenty techniques, illustrating the principles of defence in a combat situation, performed from kneeling and standing positions. Attacks are made unarmed and armed with a dagger and a sword. This kata utilises atemi waza, striking techniques, that are forbidden in randori.[31]
- Kōdōkan goshinjutsu (講道館護身術, Kodokan skills of self-defence). The most recent recognised kata, comprising twenty-one techniques of defence against attack from an unarmed assailant and one armed with a knife, stick and pistol. This kata incorporates various jujutsu techniques such as wrist locks and atemi waza.[32]
- Jū-no-kata (柔の形, Forms of gentleness & flexibility). Fifteen techniques, arranged in three sets of five, demonstrating the principle of Jū and its correct use in offence and defence.[33]
- Gō-no-kata (剛の形, Forms of force). One of the oldest kata, comprising ten forms that illustrate the efficient use of force and resistance. Now rarely practiced.[34]
- Itsutsu-no-kata (五の形, The five forms). An advanced kata, illustrating the principle of seiryoku zen'yō and the movements of the universe.[35]
- Koshiki-no-kata (古式の形, The antique forms). Derived from Kitō-ryū Jujutsu, this kata was originally intended to be performed wearing armour. Kano chose to preserve it as it embodied the principles of Judo.[36]
- Seiryoku Zen'yō Kokumin Taiiku (精力善用国家体育, Maximum-efficiency national physical education). A series of exercises designed to develop the physique for Judo.[37]
- Joshi-goshinhō (女性護身法, Methods of self-defence for women). An exercise completed in 1943, and of which the development was ordered by Jiro Nango, the second Kodokan president.[38]
- Go-no-sen-no-kata (後の先の形) A kata of counter techniques developed at Waseda University in Tokyo, popularised in the West by Mikonosuke Kawaishi.[39]
- Nage-waza-ura-no-kata (投げ技裏の形) Another kata of counter techniques, created by Kyuzo Mifune.[40]
- Kaeshi-no-kata (返の形, Forms of return) Yet another, kata of counters, attributed to Yukio Tani[41]
[edit] Competitive Judo
[edit] History of competitive Judo
In 1899 a committee of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai chaired by Jigoro Kano drew up the first formal set of rules for Judo contests. Wins were by two ippons, awarded for throwing the opponent onto his back or by pinning them on their back for a "sufficient" amount of time or by submission. Submissions could be achieved via shime-waza or kansetsu-waza. Finger, toe and ankle locks were prohibited. Contests were set at 15 minutes long. In 1900, these rules were adopted by the Kodokan with amendments made to prohibit all joint locks for kyu grades and added wrist locks to the prohibited kansetsu-waza for dan grades. It was also stated that the ratio of tachi-waza to ne-waza should be between 70% to 80% for kyu grades and 60% to 70% for dan grades.
In 1916, additional rulings were brought in to further limit kansetsu waza with the prohibition of ashi garami and neck locks, as well as do jime.[42] These were further added to in 1925, in response to Kosen Judo (高專柔道 Kōsen jūdō), which concentrated on ne waza at the expense of tachi waza. The new rules banned all remaining joint locks except those applied to the elbow and prohibited the dragging down of an opponent to enter ne waza.
The All-Japan Judo Championships (全日本柔道選手権大会 Zennihon jūdō senshuken taikai) were first held in 1930 and have been held every year, with the exception of the wartime period between 1941 and 1948, and continue to be the highest profile tournament in Japan.
Judo's international profile was boosted by the introduction of the World Judo Championships in 1956. The championships were initially a fairly small affair, with 31 athletes attending from 21 countries in the first year. Competitors were exclusively male until the introduction of the Women's Championships in 1980, which took place on alternate years to the Men's Championships. The championships were combined in 1987 to create an event that takes place annually, except for the years in which Olympic games are held. Participation has steadily increased such that, in the most recent championships in 2011, 871 competitors from 132 countries took part.
The first time judo was seen in the Olympic Games was in an informal demonstration hosted by Kano at the 1932 Games.[43] However, Kano was ambivalent about Judo's potential inclusion as an Olympic sport:
| “ | I have been asked by people of various sections as to the wisdom and possibility of Judo being introduced with other games and sports at the Olympic Games. My view on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the desire of other member countries, I have no objection. But I do not feel inclined to take any initiative. For one thing, Judo in reality is not a mere sport or game. I regard it as a principle of life, art and science. In fact, it is a means for personal cultural attainment. Only one of the forms of Judo training, so-called randori or free practice can be classed as a form of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the same may be said of boxing and fencing, but today they are practiced and conducted as sports. Then the Olympic Games are so strongly flavored with nationalism that it is possible to be influenced by it and to develop "Contest Judo", a retrograde form as ju-jitsu was before the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be free as art and science from any external influences, political, national, racial, and financial or any other organized interest. And all things connected with it should be directed to its ultimate object, the "Benefit of Humanity". Human sacrifice is a matter of ancient history.[44] | ” |
[edit] Current international contest rules
Main article: Judo rules
The traditional rules of judo are intended provide a basis under which to test skill in Judo, while avoiding significant risk of injury to the competitors. Additionally, the rules are also intended to enforce proper reigi (礼儀, etiquette).Penalties may be given for being inactive during the match, or for using illegal techniques. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat (tatami). If the referee and judges need to discuss something during groundwork, the referee will call sono-mama (used in the sense "do not move", literally "as-is") and both fighters must stop in the position they are in. When they are done, the referee says yoshi and the match continues.
All scores and penalties are given by the referee. The judges can make a decision that changes the score or penalty given by the referee.
There are slight differences to IJF rules to accommodate blind judo.
[edit] Competition scoring
A throw that places the opponent on his back with impetus and control scores ippon (一本), winning the contest.[46] A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores waza-ari (技あり).[46] Two scores of waza-ari equal ippon (技あり合わせて一本 waza-ari awasete ippon).[46] A throw that places the opponent onto his side scores yuko (有効).[46] No amount of yukos equal a waza-ari, they are only considered in the event of an otherwise tied contest.[46]Ippon is scored in ne-waza for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised osaekomi-waza for 25 seconds or by forcing a submission through shime-waza or kansetsu-waza.[46] A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying maitta (まいった, I surrender).[46] A pin lasting for less than 25 seconds, but more than 20 seconds scores waza-ari and one lasting less than 20 seconds but more than 15 seconds scores yuko.[46]
Formerly, there was an additional score that was lesser to yuko, that of Koka (効果). This has since been removed.
If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the Golden Score rule. Golden Score is a sudden death situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by Hantei, the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges.
[edit] Representation of scores
Judo scoreboards show the number of waza-ari and yuko scores scored by each player. (A score of koka was also displayed until its use was abandoned in 2009.) Often an ippon is not represented on the scoreboard, because upon award of an ippon the match is immediately terminated. Some computerized scoreboards will briefly indicate that an ippon has been scored.Scoreboards normally also show the number of penalties imposed on each player, and sometimes the number of medical visits for each. (Only two "medical" attentions are allowed for each competitor during a match—most often for minor bleeds.)
Electronic scoreboards also usually include timers for measuring both competition time and osaekomi time.
[edit] Weight divisions
There are currently seven weight divisions, subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors:| Men | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 60 kg | 60–66 kg | 66–73 kg | 73–81 kg | 81–90 kg | 90–100 kg | Over 100 kg |
| Women | ||||||
| Under 48 kg | 48–52 kg | 52–57 kg | 57–63 kg | 63–70 kg | 70–78 kg | Over 78 kg |
[edit] Penalties
The first penalty is a warning, which is noted on the scoreboard. The second penalty is scored as "yuko" for the opponent. The third penalty is scored as "waza-ari". The fourth penalty is called "hansoku make," and is scored as an "ippon" for the opponent. With a "hansoku make" the match ends permanently. One can also get a direct "hansoku make" for serious rule violations. In this case, the player who got "hansoku make" is disqualified from the tournament.[edit] In mixed martial arts
Main articles: Mixed martial arts#Judo and Mixed martial arts
[edit] Related arts and derivatives
Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be distinct arts:- Olympic judo: This is the predominant form of Kodokan judo.
- Paralympic judo: modified for blind and visually impaired competitors.
- Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ): In 1914, Mitsuyo Maeda introduced judo to Brazil. Maeda taught judo to Carlos Gracie (1902–1994) and others in Brazil. Gracie named their development of judo 'Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu' (one view is that at the time, in both Japan and Brazil, judo was sometimes known as 'Kano Jiu-Jitsu'). Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, considering itself independent of judo, did not follow later changes in international judo rules that were added to emphasize the standing phase of the fight, nor those rules that were introduced to ban the more dangerous techniques. Further, it evolved to greatly emphasize the ground aspect of judo, Judo Newaza, while disassociating itself with karate (see Gichin Funakoshi's friendship with Jigoro Kano) and various other forms of striking or attacking a vital point in favor of takedowns from both Judo and later from universal grappling moves such as double legs and virtually any form of takedown to get to the judo-newaza technique variations outlined by the Gracie family. Maeda had other students in Brazil, e.g. Luis Franca who did not receive their black belts from any Gracie family member and who practised a very similar if not identical version of Judo, but certainly the art has been popularized internationally by the Gracie family.
- Judo-do: In Austria, Julius Fleck and others developed a system of throwing intended to extend judo that they called "judo-do".
- Kawaishi-ryū jujutsu: Teaching in France, Mikonosuke Kawaishi developed Kawaishi-ryū jujutsu as an alternative approach to instruction that continued to teach many techniques banned in modern Olympic/Kodokan judo competition.
- Kosen judo (高專柔道): As a sub-style of Kodokan judo that became popularized in early 20th century Japanese inter-scholastic competition, Kosen style has the same range of techniques but greater latitude is permitted for ground technique. This style of judo—noticeably similar to BJJ groundwork—is closer to the original early 1900s judo than current Olympic judo is.
- Russian judo: This distinctive style of judo was influenced by Sambo. It is represented by well-known coaches such as Alexander Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and mixed martial arts fighters such as Igor Zinoviev, Fedor Emelianenko and Karo Parisyan. In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into Kodokan judo.
- Sambo (especially Sport Sambo): Vasili Oshchepkov was the first European judo black belt under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to contribute his knowledge of Judo as one of the three founders of Sambo, which also integrated various international and Soviet bloc wrestling styles and other combative techniques. Oshchepkov died during the political purges of 1937 for refusing to deny his education and dan-rank in Japanese judo under Kano.[citation needed] In their History of Sambo, Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were considered to be the same thing"—albeit with a different uniform and some differences in the rules.[47]
- Daido Juku: A hybrid mixed martial art which incorporates elements of both judo and Kyokushin.
[edit] Safety and reported deaths
In Japan, 114 child judo deaths have been reported in a 27-year period between 1983 and 2010.[48] Adult competitive judo has a higher incidence of injuries compared to non-collision or non-contact ball-sports for example, but similar to other competitive contact sports. In Judo, a majority of the time Judoka are taught to fall properly, although not many practitioners actually use breakfalls in competitive judo (at a competition) as a clean breakfall is usually indicative to the referee that there has been an ippon scored.[49][50][edit] Chokes
Although chokes are potentially lethal techniques, a properly applied choke hold, if released soon enough after submission or unconsciousness, causes no injury. Judo chokes are generally taught to the more experienced Judoka to help ensure the safety of the students.[51][52] There is ample data demonstrating the safety of applying chokeholds,[53][54][55] and training includes emergency care[56] and resuscitation (kappo).[51][edit] Throws
A properly applied throw performed in a controlled way should protect the opponent from injury. However injuries may result if, for example, the thrower (Tori) lands on the opponent (Uke) as a result of a sloppy or intentionally malicious throw, or if the tori performs a sloppy throw with disregard for uke's joints (e.g., improper Osoto gari or Tai otoshi applied with lateral force to the knee; or sloppy Soto makikomi or "drop" Ippon seoi nage resulting in excessive forces into uke's shoulder). To best prevent throwing injuries, proper throwing techniques should be thoroughly drilled by teachers before entering students into competition—via "fitting-in" drills (Uchi-komi's), prearranged forms (e.g., Nage-no-kata), and intense but controlled & supervised free-practice/sparring (Randori).[edit] Judoka (practitioner)
A practitioner of Judo is known as a Judoka (柔道家 jūdōka, Judo practitioner), though traditionally only those of 4th dan or higher were called "Judoka". The suffix -ka (家), when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject. Other practitioners below the rank of 4th dan used to be called kenkyu-sei (研究生, trainees). The modern meaning of Judoka refers to a Judo practitioner of any level of expertise.A Judo teacher is called sensei (先生). The word sensei comes from sen or saki (before) and sei (life) – i.e. one who has preceded you. In Western dojo, it is common to call any instructor of dan grade sensei. Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th dan and above.
[edit] Judogi (uniform)
Main article: Judogi
The modern use of the blue judogi for high level competition was first suggested by Anton Geesink at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.[57] For competition, a blue judogi is worn by one of the two competitors for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka use a white judogi and the traditional red obi (based on the colors of the Japanese flag) is affixed to the belt of one competitor. Outside Japan, a colored obi may also be used for convenience in minor competitions, the blue judogi only being mandatory at the regional or higher levels, depending on organisation. Japanese practitioners and traditionalists tend to look down on the use of blue because of the fact that Judo is considered a pure sport, and the replacing the pure white judogi for the impure blue, is an offence.[57]
For events organised under the auspices of the International Judo Federation (IJF), judogi have to bear the IJF Official Logo Mark Label. This label demonstrates that the judogi has passed a number of quality control tests to ensure it conforms to construction regulations ensuring it is not too stiff, flexible, rigid or slippery to allow the opponent to grip or to perform techniques.[58]
[edit] Organizations
- Main article: List of judo organizations
Numerous non-IJF affiliated organisations exist, often having a more traditional focus than some of the IJF-affiliated organisations, which are sometimes criticised for over-emphasising the competitive side of judo.[citation needed]
[edit] Rank and grading
Main article: Judo ranks and grades
Judo is a heirarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the kyu (級 kyū)-dan (段 dan) ranking system. This system was developed by Jigoro Kano based on the ranking system in the board game Go. Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt. Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the kuro obi (黒帯, black belt). The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.[60]
The highest grade jūdan (tenth degree black belt) has no formal requirements and is decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano (Kano Yukimitsu). As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive;[60] the IJF and Western national federations have promoted another seven who are not recognized by the Kodokan. On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Sensei Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th dan, she is the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level.
Although dan ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the kyū grades, with some countries having more kyū grades. Although initially kyū grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. The first black belts to denote a Dan rank in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.[60]
[edit] See also
- Judo techniques, partial list of judo techniques
- The Canon of Judo, a book by Kyuzo Mifune (1960)
- The Principle of Ju
- World Judo Championships
- Judo at the Summer Olympics
- List of judoka
- List of celebrity judoka
- List of Olympic medalists in judo
- Paralympic judo
- U.S. intercollegiate judo champions
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Inman (2005) p10
- ^ The first Olympic competition to award medals to women judoka was in 1992; in 1988, women competed as a demonstration sport. Inman (2005) p11
- ^ Kano (2008) pp46-47
- ^ a b Kano (2008) p1; Hoare (2009) p43
- ^ Kano (2008) p2
- ^ Hoare (2009) p44
- ^ Fukuda (2004) p145
- ^ Kano (2008) pp3-4; Hoare (2009) pp45-47; Fukuda (2004) pp145-152. Keiko Fukuda 9th Dan (born 1913) is the grand-daughter of Fukuda Hachinosuke, and is the last surviving direct student of Kano: Davis, Simon, "Be Strong, Be Gentle, Be Beautiful - Keiko Fukuda", United States Judo Federation, http://www.usjf.com/2011/01/be-strong-be-gentle-be-beautiful/, retrieved March 12, 2011
- ^ Kano (2008) p6; Hoare (2009) p47
- ^ Kano (2008) pp9-10
- ^ Kano (2008) p11
- ^ Hoare (2009) pp52-53. For location of Eisho-ji temple, see:
"Way to Eisho-Ji Temple", Kodokan, http://www.kodokan.org/e_basic/access_eishoji.html, retrieved March 14, 2011 - ^ Kano (2008) p20
- ^ Linhart and Fruhstruk (1998) p85
- ^ Kano (2005) pp39-40
- ^ For Kano's opinions on the wider applicability of jita kyōei to life see for example, Kano (2008) p107
- ^ Hoare (2009) p56
- ^ Judo had been used before then, as in the case of a Jujutsu school that called itself Chokushin-ryū Jūdō (直信流柔道, Sometimes rendered as Jikishin-ryū Jūdō), but its use was rare.
- ^ Daigo (2005) p8
- ^ Numerous texts exist that describe the waza of judo in detail. Daigo (2005); Inokuma and Sato (1987); Kano (1994); Mifune (2004); and Ohlenkamp (2006) are some of the better examples
- ^ Kano (1994) pp 42-43; Mifune (2004) pp 41-43
- ^ a b Kano (1994) p 44; Mifune (2004) p 44
- ^ Takahashi (2005) pp 39-43
- ^ a b Daigo (2005) p10
- ^ Daigo (2005) p 9; Harrison (1952) pp 162-168
- ^ Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p84
- ^ Kano (1994) p142;Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p84
- ^ For a review of the ten official Kodokan kata, see Jones and Hanon (2010)
- ^ Kano (1994) pp148-159; Otaki and Draeger pp73-109, pp139-266
- ^ Kano (1994) pp160-172; Otaki and Draeger pp110-138, pp267-405
- ^ Kano (1994) pp173-191
- ^ Kano (1994) pp192-203
- ^ Kano (1994) pp204-219; Fukuda (2004) pp1-144
- ^ De Crée and Jones (2009a, 2009b, 2009c)
- ^ Kano (1994) pp220-223
- ^ Kano (1994) pp224-238
- ^ Kano (1994) pp239-251
- ^ De Crée and Jones (2011a, 2011b, 2011c)
- ^ Fromm and Soames (1982) pp71-72, p109
- ^ Mifune (2004) pp211-220
- ^ Fromm and Soames (1982) pp71-72, pp108-109
- ^ Hoare (2009) p109
- ^ The Contribution of Judo to Education by Kano Jigoro (judoinfo.com)
- ^ Koizumi (1947)
- ^ Black Belt Vol. 2, No. 2. Active Interest Media, Inc.. Mar 1964. p.27. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27&dq=Sone+Kaminaga+black+belt#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Takahashi (2005) pp 18-20
- ^ "The History of Sombo – European Judo is really Japanese Sambo?" by Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson [1] [2] [3]
- ^ Japan Today: Judo instructor found guilty over child’s death during training
- ^ Sports Medicine Issues in the Young Judo Athlete – by Robert S. Nishime, M.D., USA Judo Sports Medicine Subcommittee (usjudo.org)
- ^ Judo Research Abstracts – on performance, safety, etc (from the Judo Information Site)
- ^ a b Principles of Judo Choking Techniques – by Neil Ohlenkamp (judoinfo.com)
- ^ Judo Choking Techniques (judoinfo.com)
- ^ How Safe is Choking in Judo? by E. K. Koiwai, M.D. (judoinfo.com)
- ^ The Safety of Judo Chokes by Leonard I. Lapinsohm M.D. (judoinfo.com)
- ^ Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza) by E. K. Koiwai, M.D. (judoinfo.com)
- ^ Emergency Care for Choke Holds by John Boulay (judoinfo.com)
- ^ a b "Introduction of the Blue Judogi". International Judo Federation. http://www.judoontario.ca/events/articles/bluejudogi.htm.
- ^ "Judogi Guidace", International Judo Federation, January 2011, http://www.intjudo.eu/pictures/news/404_1_1.doc, retrieved March 11, 2011
- ^ International Judo Federation, http://www.ijf.org, retrieved March 13, 2011
- ^ a b c Ohlenkamp, Neil (Last modified March 25, 2007.). "The Judo Rank System". JudoInfo.com. http://www.judoinfo.com/obi.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
[edit] Bibliography
- Daigo, Toshiro (2005), Kodokan Judo Throwing Techniques, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International
- De Crée, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2009a), "Kōdōkan Jūdō's Elusive Tenth Kata: The Gō-no-kata - "Forms of Proper Use of Force" - Part 1", Archives of Budo 5: 55–73
- De Crée, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2009b), "Kōdōkan Jūdō's Elusive Tenth Kata: The Gō-no-kata - "Forms of Proper Use of Force" - Part 2", Archives of Budo 5: 74–82
- De Crée, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2009c), "Kōdōkan Jūdō's Elusive Tenth Kata: The Gō-no-kata - "Forms of Proper Use of Force" - Part 3", Archives of Budo 5: 83–95
- De Crée, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2011a), "Kōdōkan Jūdō's Inauspicious Ninth Kata: The Joshi goshinhō - "Self-defense methods for females" - Part 1", Archives of Budo 7: 105–123
- De Crée, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2011b), "Kōdōkan Jūdō's Inauspicious Ninth Kata: The Joshi goshinhō - "Self-defense methods for females" - Part 2", Archives of Budo 7: 125–137
- De Crée, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2011c), "Kōdōkan Jūdō's Inauspicious Ninth Kata: The Joshi goshinhō - "Self-defense methods for females" - Part 3", Archives of Budo 7: 137–139
- Fromm, Alan; Soames, Nicolas (1982), Judo - The Gentle Way, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd
- Fukuda, Keiko (2004), Ju-No-Kata, Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books
- Harrison, E.J. (1952), Manual of Judo, London: Foulsham
- Hoare, Syd (2009), A History of Judo, London: Yamagi Books
- Inman, Roy (2005), The Judo Handbook, UK: Silverdale Books
- Inokuma, Isao; Sato, Noboyuki (1987), Best Judo, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International
- Ishikawa, Takahiko; Draeger, Donn F. (1999), Judo Training Methods, Boston, Massachusetts: Tuttle Publishing
- Jones, Llyr C.; Hanon, Michael J. (2010), "The way of kata in Kodokan Judo", Journal of Asian Martial Arts 19: 8–37
- Kano, Jigoro (1994), Kodokan Judo, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha
- Kano, Jigoro (2005), Naoki, Murata, ed., Mind Over Muscle: Writings from the founder of Judo, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha
- Kano, Jigoro (2008), Watson, Brian N., ed., Judo Memoirs of Jigoro Kano, Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing
- Koizumi, Gunji (April 1947), "1936 Conversation with Jigoro Kano", Budokwai Bulletin
- Mifune, Kyuzo (2004), The Canon of Judo: Classic teachings on principles and techniques, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha
- Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006), Judo Unleashed: Essential Throwing & Grappling Techniques for Intermediate to Advanced Martial Artists, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill
- Otaki, Tadao; Draeger, Donn F. (1997), Judo Formal Techniques: Complete guide to Kodokan randori no kata (reprint ed.), Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing
- Takahashi, Masao (2005), Mastering Judo, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics
[edit] External links
 | Look up judo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Judo |
- Judo at the Open Directory Project
- International Judo Federation (IJF)—The worldwide governing body for judo
- Kodokan Judo Institute—Headquarters of judo (Kano Jigoro's school)
유도 기술 중에 안다리 후리기나 바깥다리 후리기는 씨름에도 존재하는 기술이다.
목차[숨기기] |
[편집] 경기
1964년 도쿄 올림픽때부터 정식종목으로 채택되었다. (1968년 하계 올림픽에서는 개최되지 않았다.)유도 경기 단체인 국제 유도 협회는 1951년 유럽 13개국과 북미 4개국, 오세아니아 1개국, 아시아 1개국 등 총 19개 회원국으로 결성되었다. 1999년 10월 현재 아프리카 40개국, 아시아 36개국, 유럽 50개국, 오세아니아 16개국, 아메리카 40개국 등 182개국의 회원국을 두고 있으며, 한국은 1956년 5월 가입하였다.
유도는 발상지인 일본은 물론 유럽을 비롯해 전 세계에서 보급되고 있다.
[편집] 기술
[편집] 메치기 기술
[편집] 손기술
- 업어치기 SON
- 빗당겨치기 TOS
- 어깨로메치기 KGU
- 다리들어메치기 SUK
- 띄어치기 UOT
- 모로떨어뜨리기 SOT
- 띠잡아떨어뜨리기 OOS
- 업어떨어뜨리기 SOO
- 외깃잡아업어후리기 YAS
- 다리잡아메치기 MGA
- 오금잡아메치기 KTA
- 발목잡아메치기 KIG
- 허벅다리비껴되치기 UMS
- 안뒤축되치기 KOU
- 한팔업어치기 ISN
- 띠잡아뒤집기 OTG
[편집] 허리기술
- 허리띄기 UGO
- 허리껴치기 OGO
- 허리돌리기 KOG
- 허리채기 TKG
- 허리후리기 HRG
- 띠잡아허리채기 TGO
- 허리튀기 HNG
- 허리옮겨치기 UTS
- 뒤허리안아메치기 USH
- 소매들어허리채기 STG
[편집] 발기술
- 나오는 발차기 DAB
- 무릎대돌리기 HIZ
- 발목받치기 STA
- 밭다리후리기 OSG
- 안다리후리기 OUG
- 발뒤축후리기 KSG
- 안뒤축후리기 KUG
- 모두걸기 OAB
- 허벅다리걸기 UMA
- 발뒤축걸기 KSK
- 다리대돌리기 AGU
- 발목후리기 HTA
- 허리대돌리기 OGU
- 두밭다리걸기 OGR
- 밭다리걸기 OSO
- 모두걸기되치기 TSU
- 밭다리되치기 OGA
- 안다리되치기 OUC
- 허리튀기되치기 HGG
- 허리후리기되치기 HGE
- 허벅다리되치기 UMG
[편집] 누우면서 메치기 기술
[편집] 바로누우며 메치기 기술
- 배대뒤치기 TNG
- 안오금띄기 SUG
- 누우면서던지기 UNA
- 끌어누우며뒤집기 HKG
- 뒤집어넘기기 TWG
[편집] 모로 누우며 메치기 기술
- 옆으로떨어뜨리기 YOT
- 오금대떨어뜨리기 TNO
- 허리튀겨감아치기 HNM
- 바깥감아치기 SMK
- 모로띄기 UWA
- 옆으로누우며던지기 YWA
- 모로돌리기 YGU
- 모로걸기 YGA
- 허리안아돌리기 DWK
- 안쪽감아치기 UMK
- 밭다리감아치기 OSM
- 허벅다리감아치기 UMM
- 허리후리기감아치기 HRM
- 안뒤축감아치기 KUM
[편집] 굳히기 기술
[편집] 누르기 기술
- 곁누르기 KEG
- 고쳐곁누르기 KKE
- 뒤곁누르기 UKG
- 어깨누르기 KAG
- 위누르기 KSH
- 위고쳐누르기KKS KKS
- 가로누르기 YSG
- 세로누르기 TSG
- 변형누르기 UGT
[편집] 조르기 기술
- 십자조르기 NJJ
- 역십자조르기 GJJ
- 외십자조르기 KJJ
- 맨손조르기 HAD
- 안아조르기 OEJ
- 죽지걸어조르기 KHJ
- 어깨로조르기 KTJ
- 양손조르기 RYJ
- 소매깃잡고조르기 SGJ
- 주먹조르기 TKJ
- 삼각조르기 SAJ
[편집] 꺾는 기술
- 팔얽어비틀기 UGR
- 팔가로누워꺽기 JGT
- 어깨대팔꿈치꺽기 UGA
- 무릎대팔꺾기 HIG
- 겨드랑이대팔꺾기 WAK
- 배대팔꺾기 HGA
- 다리대팔꺾기 AGA
- 손대팔꺾기 TGT
- 삼각팔꺾기 SGT
[편집] 금지 기술
- 가위치기 KBA
- 안다리꼬아넘기기 KWA
- 허리조르기 DOJ
- 다리얽어비틀기 AGR
[편집] 띠 구분
유도는 타 무술과 마찬가지로 초단에 도달하면 검은 띠(Black Belt)를 착용한다. 그러나 유도는 검은 띠가 최고 등급이 아니며 사범에 해당되는 공인 6단 이상이 되면 빨간색과 흰색이 20cm간격으로 번갈아 칠해져있는 띠로 착용한다.[1] 이를 전문용어로 용띠(龍-, Dragon Belt)라고 한다. 그리고 유도는 최고 등급이 빨간 띠(Red Belt)다. 최고 등급에 등극하면 빨간 띠를 착용한다.
