Brazilian jiu-jitsu (/dʒuːˈdʒɪtsuː/; Portuguese: [ˈʒiw ˈʒitsu], [ˈʒu ˈʒitsu], [dʒiˈu dʒiˈtsu]) (BJJ) is a martial art, combat sport, and a self defense system that focuses on grappling and especially ground fighting. The art was brought to Brazil by Mitsuyo Maeda (1878-1941), a student of Kodokan Judo with a history of challenging and interacting with other combat arts.
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu promotes the concept that a smaller, weaker person can successfully defend against a bigger, stronger assailant by using leverage and proper technique – most notably by applying joint-locks and chokeholds to defeat the other person. BJJ training can be used for sport grappling tournaments (gi and no-gi) and mixed martial arts (MMA) competition or self defense.[2] Sparring (commonly referred to as "rolling") and live drilling play a major role in training, and a premium is placed on performance, especially in competition, in relation to progress and ascension through its ranking system.
Contents |
Origin
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is known as more than just a system of fighting. Since its inception in 1914, its parent art of judo was separated from older systems of Japanese jujutsu by an important difference that was passed on to BJJ: it is not solely a martial art: it is also a sport; a method for promoting physical fitness and building character in young people; and, ultimately, a way (Do) of life.[3][4]Mitsuyo Maeda, a member of the Kodokan, was one of five of judo's top groundwork experts that judo's founder Kano Jigoro sent overseas to demonstrate and spread his art to the world. Maeda had trained first in sumo as a teenager, and after the interest generated by stories about the success of judo at contests between judo and jujutsu that were occurring at the time, he changed from sumo to judo, becoming a student of Kano's Kodokan judo.[5] Maeda left Japan in 1904 and visited a number of countries[5] giving "jiu-do" demonstrations and accepting challenges from wrestlers, boxers, savate fighters and various other martial artists before eventually arriving in Brazil on November 14, 1914.[6]
Gastão Gracie was a business partner of the American Circus in Belém. In 1916, Italian Argentine circus Queirolo Brothers staged shows there and presented Mayeda.[7][8] In 1917, Carlos Gracie, the eldest son of Gastão Gracie, watched a demonstration by Maeda at the Da Paz Theatre and decided to learn judo. Maeda accepted Carlos as a student and Carlos learned for a few years, eventually passing his knowledge on to his brothers.
At age fourteen, Hélio Gracie, the youngest of the brothers, moved in with his older brothers who lived and taught Jiu-Jitsu in a house in Botafogo. Following a doctor's recommendations, Hélio would spend the next few years being limited to watching his brothers teach as he was naturally frail. Over time, Hélio Gracie gradually developed Gracie Jiu Jitsu as an adaptation from Judo, as he was unable to perform many Judo moves.[9] Hélio Gracie also held the rank of 6th dan in judo.[10]
Although Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is largely identified with the Gracie family, there is also another prominent lineage from Mayeda via another Brazilian disciple, Luis França. This lineage had been represented particularly by Oswaldo Fadda. Fadda and his students were famous for influential use of footlocks[11] and the lineage still survives through Fadda's links with today's teams such as Nova União and Grappling Fight Team.[12]
Name
When Maeda left Japan, judo was still often referred to as "Kano Jiu-Jitsu",[13] or, even more generically, simply as "Jiu-Jitsu."[14][15] Higashi, the co-author of "Kano Jiu-Jitsu"[13] wrote in the foreword:Outside Japan, however, this distinction was noted even less. Thus, when Maeda and Satake arrived in Brazil in 1914, every newspaper announced their art as being "jiu-jitsu" despite both men being Kodokan judoka.[3]"Some confusion has arisen over the employment of the term 'jiudo'. To make the matter clear I will state that jiudo is the term selected by Professor Kano as describing his system more accurately than jiu-jitsu does. Professor Kano is one of the leading educators of Japan, and it is natural that he should cast about for the technical word that would most accurately describe his system. But the Japanese people generally still cling to the more popular nomenclature and call it jiu-jitsu."[13]
It was not until 1925 that the Japanese government itself officially mandated that the correct name for the martial art taught in the Japanese public schools should be "judo" rather than "jujutsu."[16] In Brazil, the art is still called "Jiu-Jitsu". When the Gracies went to the United States to spread their art, they used the terms "Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu" and "Gracie Jiu-Jitsu" to differentiate from the already present styles using similar-sounding names. "Jiu-jitsu" is an older romanization that was the original spelling of the art in the West, and it is still in common use, whereas the modern Hepburn romanization is "jūjutsu."
The art is sometimes referred to as Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (GJJ), this name was trademarked by Rorion Gracie, but after a legal dispute with his cousin Carley Gracie, his trademark to the name was voided.[17] Other members of the Gracie family often call their style by personalized names, such as Charles Gracie Jiu-Jitsu or Renzo Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, and similarly, the Machado family call their style Machado Jiu-Jitsu (MJJ). While each style and its instructors have their own unique aspects, they are all basic variations of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Today there are four major branches of BJJ from Brazil: Gracie Humaita, Gracie Barra, Carlson Gracie Jiu-Jitsu and Alliance Jiu Jitsu. Each branch can trace its roots back to Mitsuyo Maeda and the Gracie family.
More recently, the name "jitz" for the art has been gaining currency as a casual layman's term, especially in the USA.[18]
Development
Hélio Gracie had competed in several submission-based competitions which mostly ended in him winning. One defeat (in Brazil in 1951) was by visiting Japanese judoka Masahiko Kimura, whose surname the Gracies gave to the arm lock used to defeat Hélio. The Gracie family continued to develop the system throughout the 20th century, often fighting full-contact matches (precursors to modern MMA), during which it increased its focus on ground fighting and refined its techniques.[19]Today, the main differences between the BJJ styles is between traditional Gracie Jiu-Jitsu's emphasis on self-defense, and Sport Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu's orientation towards competition. There is a large commonality of techniques between the two. Also, there is a wide variety of ideals in training in different schools in terms of the utilization of pure or yielding technique versus skillful application of pressure to overcome an opponent.
Prominence
Jiu-Jitsu came to international prominence in the martial arts community in the early 1990s, when Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu expert Royce Gracie won the first, second and fourth Ultimate Fighting Championships, which at the time were single elimination martial arts tournaments.[2] Royce fought against often much-larger opponents who were practicing other styles, including boxing, shoot-fighting, karate, wrestling, judo and tae kwon do. It has since become a staple art for many MMA fighters and is largely credited for bringing widespread attention to the importance of ground fighting. Sport BJJ tournaments continue to grow in popularity worldwide and have given rise to no-gi submission grappling tournaments, such as the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship.Style of fighting
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu emphasizes getting an opponent to the ground in order to utilize ground fighting techniques and submission holds involving joint-locks and chokeholds. The premise is that most of the advantage of a larger, stronger opponent comes from superior reach and more powerful strikes, both of which are somewhat negated when grappling on the ground. A more precise way of describing this would be to say that on the ground, physical strength can be offset or enhanced by an experienced grappler who knows how to maximize force using mechanical strength instead of pure physical strength.BJJ permits a wide variety of techniques to take the fight to the ground after taking a grip. While other combat sports, such as Judo and Wrestling almost always use a takedown to bring an opponent to the ground, in BJJ one option is to "pull guard." This entails obtaining some grip on the opponent and then bringing the fight or match onto the mat by sitting straight down or by jumping and wrapping the legs around the opponent.
Once the opponent is on the ground, a number of maneuvers (and counter-maneuvers) are available to manipulate the opponent into a suitable position for the application of a submission technique. Achieving a dominant position on the ground is one of the hallmarks of the BJJ style, and includes effective use of the guard (a signature position of BJJ) position to defend oneself from bottom (using both submissions and sweeps, with sweeps leading to the possibility of dominant position or an opportunity to pass the guard), and passing the guard to dominate from top position with side control, mount, and back mount positions. This system of maneuvering and manipulation can be likened to a form of kinetic chess when utilized by two experienced practitioners. A submission hold is the equivalent of checkmate in the sport, reflecting a disadvantage which would be extremely difficult to overcome in a fight (such as a dislocated joint or unconsciousness).
Renzo Gracie wrote in his book Mastering Jiu-jitsu:
The book details Maeda's theory as arguing that physical combat could be broken down into distinct phases, such as the striking phase, the grappling phase, the ground phase, etc. Thus, it was a smart fighter's task to keep the fight located in the phase of combat that best suited to his own strengths. Renzo Gracie stated that this was a fundamental influence on the Gracie approach to combat, these strategies were further developed over time by the Gracies and others, and became prominent in contemporary MMA."'The classical jujutsu of old Japan appeared to have no common strategy to guide a combatant over the course of a fight. Indeed, this was one of Kano's most fundamental and perceptive criticisms of the classical program.' Maeda not only taught the art of judo to Carlos Gracie, but also taught a particular philosophy about the nature of combat developed by Kano, and further refined by Maeda based on his worldwide travels competing against fighters skilled in a wide variety of martial arts."[20]
Ground fighting
BJJ is most strongly differentiated by its greater emphasis on groundwork than other martial arts. Commonly, striking-based styles spend almost no time on groundwork. Even other grappling martial arts tend to spend much more time on the standing phase. It is helpful to contrast its rules with judo's greater emphasis on throws, due to both its radically different point-scoring system, and the absence of most of the judo rules that cause the competitors to have to recommence in a standing position. This has led to greater time dedicated to training on the ground, resulting in enhancement and new research of groundwork techniques by BJJ practitioners.Along with BJJ's great strengths on the ground comes its relative underemphasis of standing techniques, such as striking. To remedy this comparative lack, there is an increasing amount of cross-training between the sports of BJJ and wrestling, Judo, or Sambo, as well as striking based arts such as Karate, Muay Thai, kickboxing, and boxing.
Training methods
Sport Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu's focus on submissions without the use of strikes while training allows practitioners to practice at full speed and with full power, resembling the effort used in a real competition. Training methods include technique drills in which techniques are practiced against a non-resisting partner; isolation sparring, commonly referred to as positional drilling, where only a certain technique or sets of techniques are used, and full sparring in which each opponent tries to submit their opponent using any legal technique. Physical conditioning is also an important part of training at many clubs.Primary ground positions
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
Main article: Grappling position
During the ground phase of combat the BJJ practitioner strives to
take a dominant or controlling position from which to apply submissions,
these positions provide different options.Side control
Main article: Side control
Full mount
Main article: Mount (grappling)
Back mount
Main article: Back mount
Guard
Main article: Guard (grappling)
The three main types of guard are Open, Closed, and Half. In closed guard, the bottom grappler has their legs around the opponent's trunk and has their ankles closed together to provide control and a barrier to escaping the position. In the open guard, the legs are not hooked together and the bottom grappler uses their legs or feet to push or pull in a more dynamic fashion. In the half guard, one of the top grappler's legs is being controlled by the bottom grappler's legs.
Submission
The majority of submission holds can be grouped into two broad categories: joint locks and chokes. Joint locks typically involve isolating an opponent's limb and creating a lever with the body position which will force the joint to move past its normal range of motion.[2] Pressure is increased in a controlled manner and released if the opponent cannot escape the hold and signals defeat by submitting. Opponents can indicate submission verbally or they can tap out (i.e. tap the opponent, the mat several times. Tapping one's own body is dangerous because the opponent may not be able to tell if his or her opponent is tapping.) A choke hold, disrupting the blood supply to the brain, can cause unconsciousness if the opponent does not submit soon enough.A less common type of submission hold is a compression lock, where the muscle of an opponent is compressed against a hard, large bone (commonly the shin or wrist), causing significant pain to the opponent. These types of locks are not usually allowed in competition due to the high risk of tearing muscle tissue. This type of lock often also hyper-extends the joint in the opposite direction, pulling it apart.
Joint locks
However, most joint locks involving the wrist, elbow, shoulder or ankle are permitted as there is a great deal more flexibility in those joints and those locks are safe to use under tournament conditions. Also, some fighters practice moves whose sole purpose is to inflict pain upon their opponent, in the hope that they will tap out. This includes driving knuckles into pressure points, holding their opponent's head in order to tire out the neck (called the "can opener" or kubi-hishigi) and putting body weight on top of the sternum, floating ribs, or similarly sensitive bones. These moves are not true submission moves; they are generally only used as distractions mostly in lower levels of competition. They are avoided or aggressively countered in middle to upper levels of competition.
Chokes and strangles
Chokes and strangles (commonly referred to as "air chokes" and "blood chokes") are common forms of submission. In BJJ, the chokes that are used put pressure on the carotid arteries, and may also apply pressure to the nerve baroreceptors in the neck. This kind of choke is very fast acting (if done properly) with victims typically losing consciousness in around 3–5 seconds. In contrast, an air choke (involving constriction of the windpipe) can take up to two minutes, depending on how long the person can hold their breath, and may cause serious damage to the throat.Uniform
Main article: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu gi
The Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner's uniform is similar to a judogi,
but often with tighter cuffs on the pants and jacket. This allows the
practitioner to benefit from a closer fit, providing less material for
an opponent to manipulate, although there is a significant overlap in
the standards that allows for a carefully selected gi to be legal for
competition in both styles. Traditionally, to be promoted
in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu the wearing of the gi while training is a
requirement. Recently with the growing popularity of "no gi" Brazilian
Jiu-Jitsu, the practice of giving out belts to no gi practitioners
(e.g., Rolles Gracie awarding Rashad Evans a black belt) has become more common.The term kimono is sometimes used to describe the outfit, especially in Brazil.
Grading
| 4–6 | pré-mirim |
| 7–9 | mirim |
| 10–12 | infantil |
| 13–16 | infanto-juvenil |
| 16–17 | juvenil |
| 18–29 | adulto |
| 30–35 | master |
| 36–40 | sênior I |
| 41–45 | sênior II |
| 46–50 | sênior III |
| 51–55 | sênior IV |
| 56+ | sênior V |
| Black 0-6 |  |
| Black/Red 7-8 |  |
| Red 9-10 |  |
| White |  |
| Blue |  |
| Purple |  |
| Brown |  |
| White | |
| Grey |  |
| Yellow |  |
| Orange |  |
| Green |  |
Main article: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ranking system
The Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ranking system awards a practitioner
different coloured belts to signify increasing levels of technical
knowledge and practical skill. While the system's structure shares its
origins with the judo ranking system
and the origins of all coloured belts, it now contains many of its own
unique aspects and themes. Some of these differences are relatively
minor, such as the division between youth and adult belts and the
stripe/degree system. Others are quite distinct and have become
synonymous with the art, such as a marked informality in promotional
criteria, including as a focus on a competitive demonstration of skill,
and a conservative approach to promotion in general.[23][24][25] Traditionally, the concept of competitive skill demonstration as a quickened and earned route of promotion holds true.[23][24][25]
Some schools have placed a green belt for adults between the white and
blue belt ranks due to the long periods between advancement. In
addition, the use of a grey belt has been instituted for many children's
programs to signal progress between the white and yellow belt rankings.
The amount of time it takes to achieve the rank of black belt varies
between the individual but the average time frame is between 8 and 10
years [26] with a consistent training schedule of 3 to 4 times per week.[original research?]Legacy
 |
This section does not cite any references or sources. (March 2011) |
In self defense
Since Jiu-Jitsu allows a small and weak person to submit or otherwise incapacitate bigger opponents with the use of proper techniques, especially when the aggressor has no ground fighting knowledge, its use as a self defense system has increased more recently.In public security
Police officers, security guards and similar professionals' interest in BJJ has grown in the latter half of the 20th century and 21st century. Many security-related professions have emphasized the training in grappling and ground fighting techniques, especially in BJJ, to guarantee success in situations that demand hand-to-hand combat.In mixed martial arts
In MMA, proficiency in grappling and ground fighting has become nearly a prerequisite for these competitions. With Royce Gracie going undefeated in mixed martial arts for nearly 7 years in part to his Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu prowess, more and more fighters have cross-trained to include BJJ. Anderson Silva, holder of the UFC's longest winning streak in history, earned his Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Black Belt from fellow fighter Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira.In popular culture
The documentary "The Gracies and the Birth of Vale Tudo" explains the origins of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Ultimate Fighting Championship, Mixed Martial Arts and Vale Tudo. The movie Redbelt, starring Chiwetel Ejiofor, Emily Mortimer and Tim Allen, highlights Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu's sporting and self-defense aspects.[27]Hong Kong martial artist and actor Donnie Yen, who is a purple belt in BJJ, has managed to incorporate many MMA and BJJ moves into his movies. This is especially noticeable in those he choreographed, such as SPL: Sha Po Lang and Flash Point. In the 2011 MMA film, Warrior, starring Joel Edgerton and Tom Hardy, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu elements are evident in the various fight scenes. The 2012 remake of sci-fi film Total Recall uses Brazilian Jiu Jitsu extensively, by the majority of characters, including main character Douglas Quaid/Carl Hauser and the villain, Vilos Cohaagen himself.
Tournaments
![[icon]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. (July 2011) |
Health considerations
Skin health
Besides the normal strains and pulls associated with most martial arts, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners (along with Wrestlers, Judoka, and other grapplers ) are exposed to regular skin abrasions and potential unsanitary mat conditions. They are thus at higher risk for developing skin disease.[28] Several commonly contracted skin diseases include ringworm, impetigo, herpes, and staph infection.[29] Proper hygiene practices, including regular cleaning of classroom mats, showering immediately after class with an antibacterial soap, disinfecting and covering any open wounds, thorough cleaning of any gi/rashguard/headgear used before the next class, not sharing used towels/uniforms, and using a barrier cream greatly reduces the chance of contracting a disease. The problem has become so common place that products like Defense Soap have been created specifically for grappling.Cauliflower ear
Due to the use of the head to maintain position and attack in jiu-jitsu, the ears can easily be damaged and begin to swell. Without immediate medical treatment the cartilage in a swollen ear will separate from the perichondrium that supplies its nutrients and will become permanently swollen/deformed (cauliflower ear). The use of wrestling style headgear is commonly used for prevention of this condition.[30]Steroid use
Anabolic steroid usage is not tested in IBJJF tournaments.[31][32] The practice of taking steroids has become common place enough in tournaments to have sparked letters and public statements by some of Jiu Jitsu's top competitors regarding the matter.[33] Some of the best known people involved in BJJ, including Royce Gracie have been caught using steroids in competition.[
